1.comparisons
[U] 比较
He showed us a good tyre for comparison. 他给我们一个好轮胎作比较。
comparison of A to/and/with B, comparison between A and B A和B的比较
It is often useful to make a comparison between two things.
将两件事物相比较往往是有益的。
bear/stand comparison with sb./sth. 比得上某人/某物
That’s a good dictionary, but it doesn’t bear comparison with this one.
那是本好字典，但比不上这本。
by/in comparison with sb./sth. 相比之下，比较起来
The tallest buildings in London are small in comparison with those in New York.
Learning through doing means being active in exploring the environment and finding out about things by moving and touching. 在实践中学习意味着积极地探索环境，通过触摸去了解事物。
此句中注意…by doing sth 这个结构，用来表示通过某种方式或手段。本文中出现的还有：
Students who find it easiest to learn a new concept by hearing a teacher explain it are learning through listening.
有一些学生，他们发现学会一个新概念的最简单的方法是听老师解释，这些学生是通过听来学的。
compareA with B A和B的比较
2.People aged 15 and over who are unable or find it very difficult to read.
十五岁及以上不识字或识字有困难的人。
（1）这不是一个句子。句中的people被形容词短语aged 15 and over 和定语从句who are unable or find it very difficult to read 限定。
（2）aged 形容词。
①本句中意为“有…岁的，…年纪的。”
Among the smokers, about 20 percent of them are children aged between 13 and 15 years old.
百分之二十的吸烟者是13至15岁的儿童。
In the morning old people get up early and practice Qigong in groups in parks, and a lot of middle-aged
people dance together.清晨，老年人早起在公园里成群地练气功，中年人在一起跳舞。
② aged 还有“年老的”意思。 “the aged”指“老年人”。
The sick and the aged need our help.这些病人和老年人需要我们的帮助。
The aged woman was wrinkled and bent.这个老妇人满脸皱纹，佝偻着腰。
3.strict adj.严格的 严谨的，严密的
注意:be strict with sb./in sth.
We should maintain strict discipline.我们应当保持严格的纪律。
Her parents are strict with her.她的父母对她要求很严格。
Our teacher is strict in his work.我们的老师对工作非常严谨。
完全的，绝对的 常用短语：strict secrecy 绝密
4.a heavy workload（P.102）
She has a very heavy workload.她的工作量很重。
The machine can't cope with such a heavy load.这台机器承担不了这么中的工作负荷。
load负荷；负担；载重 ；装载量; [喻]负担; 重任, 工作量
The truck was carrying a load of bananas.卡车装了满满一车的香蕉。
a bus-load of schoolchildren满满一公共汽车的学童
a heavy teaching/learning load沉重的教学学习负担
[pl. ]许多, 大量, 一大堆loads of friends/money大批朋友= a load of
vt, vi（常与up, with连用）装，装满，载满
We loaded the truck with bananas. 我们把香蕉装上卡车。=We loaded the bananas into the van/lorry.
I was loaded down with the heavy luggage.这件大行李把我压得挺不起腰来。
Have you had your gun loaded?你的枪上了子弹吗?
Don’t move ! The gun is loaded. load a camera (with film)把胶卷装入照相机
load sb. with praise对某人大加颂扬 bear a load on one 's shoulders挑起重担
cast [lay] the load on [upon]把责任推给... take a load off one’s mind 消除思想负担
5.In 1986,the Chinese government introduced a law stating that by the year 2000 every Chinese child would have nine years of compulsory education. 在1986年，中国政府提出了一项关于在2000年以前每个中国孩子将会接受九年义务教育的法律。
compulsory adj.强迫的， 强制的； 义务的； 必修的
compulsory measures强迫手段 compulsory legislation强制性立法
compulsory subjects必修科目 compulsory service system义务兵役制
Which subjects are compulsory in your school?在你们学校里，哪些课程是必修的？
Education is compulsory for all children in Britain between the age of 5 and 16.
在英国5岁到16岁的儿童都要接受义务教育。
6.Although there were several problems in reaching this target,the outcome was highly successful.
尽管在达成这个目标方面有一些问题，但是结果还是很成功的。
highly 与high 区别; close 与closely 区别
Do you see that butterfly flying high above the street?你是否看见那只蝴蝶在街道上方高高飞舞着？
The distinguished guests were highly praised.贵宾们受到了高度赞扬。
引申：Suddenly the door was ______and in came Mr. Wang.
A. open wide B. widely open C. wide opened D. open widely
（答案为C，由前面的suddenly可见，此句强调动作，故用被动语态，而不用形容词，wide与widely都有副词，但是意义不同，他们的区别好象deep/deeply，high/highly，close/closely）
7.It is reported that 99% of school-age in China attended primary school by 2004.
据报道，在2004年以前，中国99％的学龄儿童能进入小学。
It is reported that 据报道。。。
类似的句型还有：it is said/ believed/hoped/announced that …
8.In China,as in other countries,the government realizes that the future welfare of its citizens is closely linked
to education. 如同在其他国家一样，中国政府意识到中国市民的将来福利与教育密切相连。
(1) as in other countries,相当于as it is in other countries, it 指代的是后面提到的情形。
In India, as in China, you can enjoy ancient culture and attractive scenery.
在印度，正如在中国，你可以领略到古老的文化和迷人的风景。
(2) be closely linked to “与…紧密相关的”。由“link sth to(with) sth”而来，意为：“使和…联系起来”。
相当于“be related to”.
Ice and snow are closely linked to the lives of Canadians.冰与雪与加拿大人的生活紧密相关。
Violence is the activity that has been most frequently linked with the consequences of TV.
暴力行为往往与看电视的后果相联系。
9.When the World Education Forum met in 2000,it calculated that here were 113 million children not in
schoool.At the Forum,the member countries of the United Nations Educational,Scientific and Culture
Organisation(UNESCO)made a commitment to provide “complete,free and compulsory primary education of
good quality for all children by 2015”.They called this goal”Education For All”.These countries are now
trying to get every child into school,and they are experiencing smiliar difficulties to those that China faces.
在2000年召开的世界教育论坛会上，计算出有一亿一千三百万个孩子未进入学校。在论坛会上，联合教育成员国，科学和文化组织（UNESCO）做了一个承诺，目的是去提供“在2015年之前，为所有孩子提供完全免费的高质量的义务教育”。他们称这个目标为 “全民教育“。现在，这些国家正努力去争取让每一个孩子都入学，而且他们也正经历着类似于中国所面临的困难。
commitment 承诺；责任；承担义务
The general has repeated his commitment to holding elections as soon as possible.
将军重申了尽快进行选举的承诺。
I've taken on too many commitments.我承担的义务太多了。
忠诚，信奉，支持
The company’s success this year would not have been possible without the commitment and dedication of the
staff. 如果没有员工的奉献精神，公司今年的成功是不可能的。
face to face 面对面地
I rushed out of the office and found myself face-to-face with the boss.我冲出办公室,面对面地碰上了老板。
The burglar turned the corner and found himself face to face with a policeman.
那窃贼转过墙角，面对面碰上一个警察。
in the face of 不顾；面对，在…前面
He succeeded in the face of great difficulties. 尽管有巨大的困难，但他成功了。
be faced with 面临
I realized that Hamlet was faced with an entirely different problem.
我意识到Hamlet面临着完全不同的问题。
The state is now faced with the immediate question of raising new taxes. 国家面临紧迫的问题，收新税。
10.To begin with, it is important to creat a positive attitude.In areas where agriculture plays an important
role,people do not attach importance to education,and parents are skeptical of anything that takes children
away from their work on the farm. 首先，创造一个积极的态度是一个重要的开端。在农业为主体的地区，
人们不重视教育，家长们对不让孩子们参加地里劳作的做法很有疑虑。
▲to begin with 首先，第一， 起初
I’m not going. To begin with I haven’t a ticket, and secondly I don’t like the play.
我不去。一来我没票，二来我不喜欢这出戏。
To begin with he had no money, but later he became quite rich. 他起初没钱，可是后来相当富有了。
To begin with, we must consider the faculties of the staff all-sidedly.
首先,我们必须全面地考虑全体员工的素质。
类似词组有：to start with; to tell the truth; to be honest; to be frank; to make things worse
▲attach importance to
Do you attach any importance to what he said? 你认为他说的话重要吗？
关于attach 的其他用法请参看第五单元和第十单元
▲sceptical adj.怀疑论的; 不可知论的；怀疑宗教教条的; 怀疑的
He was skeptical about the announcement by the government.他对政府的通告表示怀疑。
(suspect /suspicious /suspicion)
be [fell] suspicious of [about]对...怀疑
I am suspicious of that woman - I think she may have stolen something from our shop.
.....我怀疑她有可能从我们商店偷了什么东西
I have a suspicion that she is not telling the truth.我怀疑她在说谎。
可疑的, 令人怀疑的suspicious actions可疑的行为
多疑的, 对...起疑心的(of, about) The ignorant are suspicious.无知者多疑。
sceptic 怀疑论者 scepticism 怀疑论，怀疑主义
Unit 11 suspect(P.93)
疑有,察觉
The tiger suspected danger and ran away.老虎意识到危险便逃跑了。
怀疑,不信任
We suspected their honesty. 我们不相信他们是诚实的。
怀疑(某人犯有过错)[+of] [+(that)]
The police suspected Bill of having done it. = The police suspected that Bill did it.
警察怀疑那件事是比尔干的。
复习对比：
The police accused him of murder.= The police charged him with murder.警方指控他谋杀。
The police accused him of stealing. 警方控告他犯有盗窃罪。
猜想;料想 [+(that)]
I suspect they'll come.我想他们会来的。
n.嫌疑犯;可疑分子[C]
11.It has to be explained how the child,the family and the community can be benefit,but it is not easy to change traditional ideas.China and other countries found that even when children from the countryside do start school,they have a tendency to be absent and often drop out later.In some cultures parents are particularly unwilling to send their daughters to school because the custom is to educate boys rather than girls. 尽管关于孩子，家庭和社区怎样才能受益已经做出了解释，但是要改变传统的观念是不容易的。中国和其他国家发现，即使当来自乡下的孩子开始上学的时候，他们经常旷课，然后就有退学的倾向。尤其是在一些地区，由于认为教育是给男孩的而不是为女孩的风气，所以父母总是不情愿送女儿上学。
▲tendency
There is an increasing tendency towards the use of mobile phones by middle school students.
中学生使用手机的趋势在上升。
She showed musical tendencies from an early age.她从小就显示出对音乐的喜爱。
have a tendency to do sth. 做…的倾向
She has a strong tendency to forget things. 她很容易忘记事情。
tend vi ① 有……的习惯或倾向，倾向于 (tend to do sth.)
Janet tends to get（=usually gets）very angry if you disagree with her.
你如果不顺着珍妮，她往往容易大发脾气。
② 通向，朝……方向发展 （tend+副词）
The road tends north .路向北延伸。
③ tend to/towards+名
The sort of music he listens to varies,but tends to pop music.
他所听的音乐形形色色，不过倾向于流行音乐。
▲absent
（1）adj.① 缺席的，不在的（from）；
He is absent from Beijing.他不在北京。
He is absent in Beijing.他外出了，目前在北京。
He is often absent from classes.他经常缺课。
②心不在焉的，漫不经心的，茫然的（置于名词前）
There was an absent expression on his face.他脸上带着茫然若失的表情。
in an absent way 茫然地
（2）vt.（较正式）缺席不到 惯用语 absent oneself from 缺席
He absented himself from the meeting.他没有出席会议。
absent-minded adj.心不在焉的
▲drop out 退学 1 退出，脱离2 退学，辍学
（1）从（活动、竞赛中）退出
Since his defeat he has dropped out of politics.他失败后就不再从事政治活动了。
（2）中途退学、辍学
He dropped out of college after only 2 weeks.他在学院里只上了两周就退学了。
a word that has dropped out of the language 该语言中已经废弃的一个词。
Peter dropped out before completing one circuit/lap of the track.还没跑完一圈就掉队了。
其它词组：drop behind 落后 drop by 顺便访问：停下做短暂访问
drop off 睡着；减少 drop in on sb. at a place 顺便走访
drop into 跌入，落下，不知不觉
▲be willing /unwilling to do （不）愿意。（不）乐意
They keep a list of people (who are) willing to work nights. 他们有一份愿意夜间工作的人的名单。
I’m perfectly willing to discuss the problem.我十分乐意讨论这个问题。
They are unwilling to invest any more money in the project. 他们不愿再为这个项目投资。
She was unable, or unwilling, to give me any further details.她不能，或不愿意，向我提供进一步的细节。
12.China’s large population meant that the school had to expand to take in many more students. 中国人口众多，这就意味着为接受更多学生就必须扩大学校。
▲mean在此句中意为：“意味着…”后面可以跟名词、动名词或从句。
Life to him meant action, rather than thought.对他来说，生活意味着行动，而不是思索。
I won’t wait if it means delaying more than a week.我不会等待，如果这意味着耽搁一个多星期。
In some parts of London, missing a bus means waiting for another hour.
在伦敦的一些地区，错过一辆巴士意味着得再等一个小时。
I’m sorry I hurt you. I didn’t mean to.
His father meant him to be an engineer. 他父亲想让他当工程师。
词组：
Don’t laugh! I mean it (= I am serious).不要笑，我是当真的。
You’re meant to (= you are supposed to) pay before you go in.
I was never meant for the army (= did not have the qualities needed to become a soldier).
我根本就不是块当兵的料。
Philip and Kim were meant for each other (= are very suitable as partners). Philip 和Kim真是天生的一对。
‘Do you mind if I have a look?’ ‘By all means.’借我看一眼行吗？当然可以。
The load was lifted by means of a crane. 重物是用起重机吊起来的。
She is by no means an inexperienced teacher. 她绝不是一个毫无经验的老师。
By no means are these cases exceptional. 这些例子绝不是例外。
We haven’t won yet, not by any means. 我们离成功还远着呢。
▲expand扩大，增大，膨胀，增强，伸展（become greater in size, number or importance）.
Our foreign trade has expanded greatly in recent years.我们的对外贸易近来有极大的发展。
His modest business eventually expanded into a supermarket empire.
他原先不大的生意后来扩展成了超级市场集团企业。
The petals of the flowers expanded in the sunshine.花瓣在阳光下开放。
Water expands when it freezes.水结冰时体积膨胀。
Metal expands when heated. 加热，金属就会膨胀。
The eagle expanded its wings.老鹰展开翅膀。
In ten years the city’s population expanded by 12%.十年之中,该城人口增加了百分之十二。
expand a story into a novel 把故事扩展成小说
详述（故事，论证等）,引申[(+on/upon)]
I don’t quite follow your reasoning. Can you expand (on it)?我不大理解你的论断，你能详细地加以说明吗？
You’ll have to expand your argument if you want to convince me.你如果想使我信服， 就必须详述你的论点。
They have expanded my view on the question.他们已更充分地阐明了我对这个问题的观点。
变得更友善更健谈
He expanded a little when he had had a drink, and started to talk more freely.
他喝了一杯酒，变得更友善，并开始畅谈起来。
expansion n.扩充, 开展, 膨胀, 扩张物, 辽阔, 浩瀚
expansive(ly) adj.扩张(性)的, 膨胀(性)的; 辽[广]阔的, 浩瀚的, 广泛的
▲take in 本句中意为“接受，接纳。”它还可以表示以下等含义：
① 理解，领会，明白
They listened to my lecture, but how much did they take in, I wonder?
他们听了我的讲座，但是我怀疑他们到底听懂了多少。
② 包括，涉及
The article takes in all aspects of the problem.这篇文章包括了这个问题的所有方面。
③ 欺骗，使上当
Don’t trust that fellow, he’ll take you in if he gets the chance.不要相信那个家伙，他一有机会就回会骗你。
④ 将（衣服）收小，改瘦。
I’m getting much thinner, I’ll take in all my clothes.我瘦多了，我得将我所有的衣服都改小。
13.How people are distributed can also affect the education system. 人们如何被分配也能影响教育系统。
distribute...over ...把...配给到[分配到, 散布于]...
distribute sth. to把某物分[配, 发]给...
distribute sth. among把某物分[配, 发]给...
A leader distributed the prizes to/among the winners.一个领导把奖品颁发给优胜者。
He was distributing leaflets to the crowd.他正在向人群散发传单。
The new machine distributes seeds evenly and quickly.这部新机器播种又匀又快。
Our shops are distributed all over the city.我们的商店遍布全城。
This species of butterfly is widely distributed over our country.这种蝴蝶在我国分布很广。
The teacher distributed the pupils into three groups.老师把学生分成三组。
distribution n.分配, 分发, 配给物, 销售, 法院对无遗嘱死亡者财产的分配, 分布状态, 区分
the distribution of wealth财富的分配 the distribution of profits利润的分配
the distribution of insects昆虫分类
14.These has been a shortage of teachers.Countries with a small population have problems too.In the Turks and Caicos Islands,where there are less than 20,000 people,the number of students in some schools is so low that students of several different grades are taught in the same classroom. In China most citizens live in the eastern areas and this results in large class sizes. 已经出现老师短缺问题。人口少的国家也有问题。在特克斯和凯科斯群岛，人口不足两万，有些学校里学生数量很少，以至于不同年级的学生在同一间教室里上课。人们如何被分配也能影响教育系统。在中国，大多数市民住在东部区域，这造成了大班级。
result in （造成，导致）, result from （因……发生，随……产生）
因result in 果 导致 Hard work results in success
果 result from 因 由…导致 Success results from hard work.
job losses resulting from changes in production 生产革新造成的失业。
The cyclone has resulted in many thousands of deaths. 飓风已经造成成千上万的人死亡。
When water levels rise, flooding results.水位上升，就会发洪水。
15.Parts of the remote central and western provinces,however,have few people.Schools in these regions cannot support teachers for the small numbers of students at each level,so teachers have mixed-grade classes.In North and central Australia the population is so spread out that children in some rural settlements can be as far as 1,000 km away from the nearest school. 然而，在遥远的中部和西部省份，人口太少，在这些区域的学校不可能为每个水平上的小数量的学生支援老师。因此，老师只能教混合班级。在澳大利亚的北部和中部，人口是如此的疏散以至于在一些乡下的定居区的孩子去远达1000公里的最近的学校去上学。
Halong Bay in Vietnam is made up of three thousand islands spread out in the clear green waters of the sea.
越南的九龙湾由三千个岛屿构成，这些岛屿散布在蔚蓝清澈的大海中。
spread out 分散 伸展身体，摊开东西
Don’t all sit together, spread yourselves out.别都挤在一块儿，分开坐吧。
There’s more room to spread out in first class. 头等舱宽敞些，伸得开腿。
Do you have to spread yourself out all over the sofa？你就非得躺下，把整个大沙发全占了才行吗？
The searchers spread out to cover the area faster. 搜索人员分散开来，好更快搜索这一地区。
as far as
as far as the eye can / could see 极目所尽
The bleak moorland stretched on all sides as far as the eye could see.
荒凉的旷野向四面伸展开去，一望无际。
As far as we knew, there was no cause for concern. 就我们所知，没什么可担心的。
As far as I can see, you’ve done nothing wrong. 依我看，你没有做错任何事。
She lived in Chicago, as far as I can remember. 据我所记得的，她过去住在Chicago。
as / so far as sb/sth is concerned 就……而言
As far as I am concerned, you can do what you like.就我而言，你想干什么就干什么。
16.The success of a country in bringing education to all also depends on the economy.In many developing countries there is not enough money available to provide classrooms,desks,chairs,books and teachers for all the children.To equip schools some of these governments rely almost completely on aid from other countries,international organizations such as the World Bank and non-governmental organizations such as Save the Children. 一个国家在教育上的成功也全部依赖于经济。在许多发展中国家，不可能有足够的钱来为所有的孩子提供教室、书桌、椅子、书籍和老师。为装备学校，一些政府几乎完全依赖其他国家的援助，国际组织如世界银行和象挽救孩子这样的非政府组织都在为这些国家提供帮助。
rely on/upon sb. /sth. to do sth./ depend on
依赖,指望某人、某事物
I relied on your coming early.我指望你早点来。
信任、依赖某人/某事物
You can rely on me to keep your secret.你尽管相信我一定为你保密。
复习depend on
The price depends on the quality.价格取决于质量。
Today,there are few industries and commercial organizations that do not depend on computers.
如今，几乎所有的工业和商业组织都依赖电脑。
The flooded areas depended on the government for relief.
洪水受灾地区依靠政府的救济。
You may depend on them to arrive early.他们早到是会靠得住的。
Shall we go climbing tomorrow? It all depends on the weather/That depends(It all depends).
明天去登山如何？看天气的状况再说吧。/要视具体情况而定。
17.Other countries receive help with particular programmes:both the World Bank and Save the Children have helped China with schools in less developed provinces.Corporation and private citizens also donate money through the Hope Project.
donate vt.捐赠，赠予 (contribute)
donate blood to a blood bank向血库献血
donate 1, 000 dollars to school给一所学校捐赠1, 000美元
捐献,捐赠[(+to)]
She donated her books to the library.她把自己的书捐赠给图书馆。
14.Even the richest nation in the world faces problems.The USA has found that it is not easy to make sure that every student receives the same quality of teaching.One in three students in the United States lives in the countryside,and providing them with a full curriculum is difficult. 甚至世界上最富有的国家也面临一些问题。美国已发现确定每位学生接受教学的相同质量是不容易的。三分之一的美国学生居住在乡下，给他们提供一个完整的课程是很困难的。
curriculum n.[C] 学校的全部课程
The student is very knowledgeable because he also studies things not in the curriculum.
这个学生知识很丰富,因为在学校课程以外他还学习别的东西。
(一门)课程
The professor is busy preparing his chemistry curriculum plan.这位教授正忙于准备他的化学课程计划。
18.Chian has also adopted distance learning methods such as television lessons,and in 1999,the Ministry of Education introduced computerised teaching networks in central and western China.中国已采用远程教学方法，像电视机，并且在1999年，教育部采用计算机处理中部和西部的中国教育网络。
In today’s world of computerized working and developing technology, continued education is often essential for people to meet the changing requirements of their profession. 在工作电脑化和科技不断发展的今天，为了满足人们职业的不断变化的需求，继续教育是非常必要的。(p.105)
(1) 此句中应注意几个非谓语动词computerized, continued , developing和changing，在句中作定语, 分别限定其后面的名词。过去分词表被动，现在分词表示正在进行。
(2) computerize “用计算机做某事，使计算机化”。
The accounts section has been completely computerized.会计科已完全计算机化了。
computerize 的后缀- ize或 –ise表示“使…,…化”。
类似结构的词有modernize(现代化), realize(意识到)，apologize(道歉)，popularize(使…受欢迎)等。
(3) 此句中continued为形容词，作定语。 意为：“继续不停的(going without stopping)”。
We have accumulated rich experience for the continued education of government employees and
professionals.我们在组织和实施公务员和专业技术人员继续教育方面积累了相当丰富的经验。
(4) meet/satisfy/ fulfill the requirements “满足…的需求”。
Our latest model should meet your requirements exactly.我们的最新型号包你满意。
In applying for the position of sales manager I offer my qualifications, which believe will meet your
exacting requirements.
为了申请销售经理的职位，附上我的合格证书，我认为会符合你们严格的要求的。
Your essay should cover all the information provided and meet the requirements below:
你的文章应该包含提供的所有信息，并满足以下要求。
(5) profession n.职业，工作（多指具有某种专业知识的工作）
I think Jack should take up some other profession.我认为杰克应该从事其他什么职业。
She intends to make teaching her profession.她打算从事教学这一职业。
by profession 以…为职业，做…工作
I’m a carpenter by profession.我的职业是木匠。
professional adj.职业(性)的, 业务的,从事于专门职业的,以(运动等)为专业的
professional knowledge专业知识
professional men专家(尤指医生、律师等)
19.In these countries, where some people do not even have fresh water or basic health care, reaching the target of “Education for All” will be a huge task, despite help from the international community. 在这些国家里，有些人甚至不能喝到新鲜的水，得到基本的健康护理，要达到普及教育的目标将是一个艰巨的任务，尽管能得到国际社会的支持。
此句中where引导的定语从句限定前面的countries. 本文中出现了较多的where 引导的定语从句。应注意前面的先行词。
① In the Turks and Caicos Islands, where there are less than 20,000 people, the number of students in some
schools is so low that students of several different grades are taught in the same class.
在特克司和凯科斯群岛，人口不足两万，有些学校学生数量很少，以至于几个不同年级的学生在同一
间教室里上课。
② To solve this, Australia uses “distance learning” method, where the students have lessons by two-way radio
and mail.为了解决这个问题，澳大利亚采用了远程教学的方法，学生们可以通过双向广播和邮件传递
来学习。
20. However,balancing the workload of a demanding job alongside a course of study can be difficult…(p.105)
然而想要平衡费心费力的工作负担和课程学习的负担是很难的。
alongside prep.在…旁边，与…一起
The dog ran alongside me all the way.那狗一路上跟在我旁边跑。
We brought our boat alongside their boat.
我们把船靠到他们的船旁边。
除……之外
We have videos,recordings and other learning aids alongside（besides）the books.
除了课本之外，我们还有电视、录音和其他辅助教学设施。
alongside of沿着，并排，一起
The cars were parked alongside of each other.那些车并排停放。
21.Parents are not prepared to send girls to school because they do not believe it will be
of any benefit. 父母亲不愿意把女儿送去上学，因为他们认为这不会带来任何好处。(p.106)
(1) 此句中be prepared to 意为“能够并愿意做某事（be able and willing to do sth）”。
I am prepared to lend you the money if you promise to pay it back.我愿意把钱借给你，你得答应还给我。
I ’m not prepared to stay and listen to these outrageous insults.我可不愿意在这儿受这种奇耻大辱。
（2）be of benefit to
① be of benefit to “对…有好处”。benefit前可用“real, great, much, immense”等形容词修饰。
Doing morning exercises will be of benefit to your health. 做早操对你的健康有利。
② "(be)+of+名词"结构中的名词是抽象名词时,相当于其中名词所对应的形容词的意思,说明被修饰
词具有某种特征或属性。
常用的名词有:use/importance/help/value/interest/quality/service/benefit/necessity等。
I don't want to hear what you are saying. It is of no interest to me. (of no interest=not interesting)
我不想听你说,我对此不感兴趣。
Coal is of great importance to the development of industry. (of great importance=very important)
煤对工业发展是相当重要的。
New Zealand wine is of high quality and is sold all over the world.
新西兰的酒质量很好，并且被销往世界各地。
You'll find this map of great ________in helping you to get round London.
A. price B. cost C. value D. usefulness
22. However, when the facts are examined, it is clear that educating girls leads to
improved health and levels of income. 然而，仔细观察事实可以发现，显然让女孩接受教育，最终可以改善健康状况和提高收入水平。P.106
复习
(1)此句中应注意句型It is clear that …,it 是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的从句。从句的主语是动名词短语educating girls, improved health and levels of income作lead to 的宾语。
类似的句型有：
It is clear ( obvious, evident, true, possible, certain...) that .....
常译为“清楚（显然，明显，真的，可能，肯定．．．）”，是主语从句最常见的一种结构。
It is very clear that he’s round and tall like a tree. = That he’s round and tall like a tree is very clear.
It was obvious to everyone that the child had been badly treated.大家都清楚那个孩子受过虐待。
(2)lead to sth “导致某种结果( have sth as its results)”。 lead to中的to为介词。
后跟名词或动名词, 2003年上海高考题中，thief与catch 之间是被动关系, 故用了动名词的复合结构的被动形式。
The discovery of new evidence led to _______ .
A. the thief having caught B. catch the thief C. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught
It is widely accepted that young babies learn to do things because certain acts lead to rewards。
婴儿学会做事情，因为它的某些行为能有所回报，这个观念为人们所普遍接受。
(3)improved health 其中的“improved” 是过去分词作定语，限定health。
School health programs lead to increased student wellness and improved ability to learn.
学校的健康活动改善了学生的身体状况，并且也提高了学生的学习能力。
He believes that only hard work and perseverance can improve himself in oral English/improve his oral
English.
他相信只有努力和毅力才能提高他的英语口语水平。
Integrating skills，
23. In other aspects you have a lot in common.而在别的方面。你们却有许多相同的地方。
aspect n.样子, 外表, ; 神态; 方面; 情况, 状况; 方位, 方向, 观点
the aspect of the whole area全地区的面貌
consider other aspects of the matter考虑事情的其它方面
from legal aspect从法律的观点
discuss a subject in all aspects
24.Learning style theory suggests that different people have different ways of obtaining information and use various methods to demonstrate their intelligence and ability.
学习风格理论表明不同的人有不同的获得信息的方式，并且用不同的方法表现出他们的智力和能力。
(1) suggest
①本句中suggest表示“暗示、表明”时，后接名词或that从句（从句谓语用陈述语气）。
Are you suggesting that I’m too old for the job?你的意思是说我太老而不能胜任这个工作了？
His failure in the exam suggested that he had not worked hard enough．
他考试没及格表明他学习还不够努力。
②suggest表示“建议、提议”时，后接名词、代词、-ing形式或that从句（从句谓语用“should+动词原形”，should可以省略）。
I suggest we go shopping together and look for a nice tank．
我建议我们一起去商店买一个精致的鱼缸。
I suggested that you（should）leave early．/I suggested your/you leaving early.我建议你早点动身。
(2) obtain 取得某物，经（买、借、拿等）获得
There are people who gamble or cheat to obtain money.Those people try to get money by dishonest means.
有一些通过欺骗和赌博获得钱的人，他们总想通过不诚实的手段来得到钱。
I obtained this record for you with difficulty.我好不容易为你弄到了这张唱片。
辨析：get, obtain, acquire, gain, win, earn这组动词的一般含义是“得到”。
obtain较正式用词，着重通过巨大努力、要求而得到所需或盼望已久的东西。
The journalist immediately set out to obtain these important facts.
那位新闻记者立即着手获取这些重要的资料。
Ordinary people would then be able to use them to obtain valuable information.
那时平常的人便能运用它们去获取宝贵的信息。
get普通用词，使用广泛，可指以任何方式得到某物，也不一定要经过努力。
I sat in the front of the bus to get a good view of the countryside.
我坐在公共汽车的前部，以得到有利于观赏农村风光的机会。
acquire强调通过不断的、持续的努力而获得某物，也指日积月累地渐渐地获得。书面语用词。
After having been instructed to drive out of town, I began to acquire confidence.
接到把车开出城的指令后，我的信心增长了。
gain侧重指经过努力或有意识行动而取得某种成就或获得某种利益或好处。
During that time, she so gained my aunt's confidence that she was put in charge of the domestic staff.
在这期间，她得到了我姑姑如此的信任，结果被委任为家仆的负责人。
A penny saved is a penny gained.省一文是一文。(谚语)
win主要指通过努力、斗争、比赛等而获得胜利。
It seemed certain that this would win the prize.这一块会得奖，这似乎是肯定的了。
This invariably wins them the love and respect of others.
这种行为常常为他们赢得别人的爱戴和尊敬。
earn侧重指依靠自己的劳动或因付出代价与有功而获得。
His achievements earned him respect and admiration.他的成就为他赢得别人的尊敬和赞美。
Some of them have come home for a few days' hard-earned leave.
他们中的有些人已经回国，度过那得之不易的几天假日。
(3)demonstrate
① demonstrate在本句中指“表明，表示（show）”.
His sudden departure demonstrates that he is unreliable.他的突然离去表明他的不可靠。
② demonstrate 在高二教材中出现时，表示“示威集会或游行 ”。
可构成词组，demonstrate (against/in favor of sb /sth) 示威游行反对或赞成某人或某事。它的名词形
式有demonstrator游行者,示威者，demonstration 示威或游行。
Thousands demonstrated against the price increases.数以千计的人举行示威，抗议物价上涨。
The police arrested more than 100 demonstrators.警察逮捕了100多名示威游行者。
25.Although experts have many ideas and categories of learning, it is evident that people learn in three basic styles: learning through seeing, learning through listening and learning through doing. 尽管专家对学习有很多的想法和分类，但显然，人们通过三种基本的方式来学习：视觉型学习，听觉型学习和动觉型学习。
(1) It is evident that …主语从句。相当于 “It is clear/obvious that …”.
(2) evident 形容词，表示“明显的，清楚的（obvious, clear）”。
He looked at his children with evident pride.他以明显的得意态度望着他的孩子。
The applause made it evident the play was a hit.掌声表明这个戏剧很成功。
evidence n.明显, 显著, 明白, 迹象, 根据, [物]证据, 证物
There is no evidence that he is quilty.没有证据证明他有罪。
for lack of evidence因为缺少证据
on evidence依据证据
evident obvious apparent 意思都含“明显的”。
evident多用于推理及抽象的事, 指“明显的”
obvious 指“容易知道或发现, 无须解释或证明的”,
apparent 含“一目了然的”的意思, 还可指“思想上容易理解的”
It's evident that the plan is impracticable.很明显这计划是不能实现的。
It's obvious that a man isn't strong enough to lift an elephant.很明显, 一个人是不能举起大象的。
It's apparent that you can't be trusted.很显然,你是不可信赖的。
The rope had been cut, so it was evident/obvious that the lamb had been stolen.
绳子是被割断的，因此这只羊羔显然是被偷去的。
注：此句中的obvious 换用evident则更确切。
clear(以及常见的plain)是口语中常用词，其含义为“清楚易懂”。clear 除了“清楚的”，“清晰的”之外，还有许多其他含义。如“流畅的”，“无障碍的”等。
The water of the lake is as clear as glass.湖水清彻如同明镜。
He gave a clear answer to the direct question.他对那个直截了当的问题作了清晰的答复。
plain除了“清楚的”、“浅显的”之外，也有些别的含义。
a plain face一个普通的或不漂亮的面孔
The letter was written in plain English.那封信是用浅显的英语写的。
26.They select a variety of activities to suit their students’ different learning styles.
他们挑选各种各样的活动，以适合学生不同的学习风格。
▲select
She selected a diamond from the collection.她从收藏品中挑选了一颗钻石。
These oranges have been carefully selected.这些橙子是精选的。
He was selected to play for England.他被选中代表英格兰去参赛。
比较：select和choose
choose用途最广，指一般的“选择”，有时特指“抉择”，侧重意志或判断。
I leave it to you to choose between the two methods.
我任你在这两种方法中间作出抉择。
choose和select 有时可以通用，主要不同在于：
①choose 往往是以个人的好恶或对个人是否合适为标准；select 则更强调客观优劣，或为了达到
某一目的的条件上的优劣。
②choose有选定后就要“坚守”或“从事”的含义；select则没有。因此，“选择一生事业/爱人”
等应译作：to choose a career/a husband,etc.
③choose可接不定式表“宁愿；决定”，select不能。
表示选择的其他动词elect, pick, prefer, opt
elect指按照一定的规章或法律，用投票等方式进行的认真慎重的选择。
pick口语用词，多指从个人角度仔细挑选，也含任意挑选之意。
prefer强调个人偏爱，不一定有选择的行动。
表示选择的名词choice, alternative, preference, option, selection, election
choice侧重指自由选择的权利或特权。
alternative指在相互排斥的两者之间作严格的选择，也可指在两者以上中进行选择。
preference侧重因偏见、爱好或判断等而进行选择。
option着重特别给予的选择权利或权力，所选物常常相互排斥。
selection指作广泛的选择，着重选择者的识别力或鉴赏力。
election强调目的和达到目的判断能力。
▲suit
① n.一套衣服（通常包括用相同衣料做的短上衣、裤子和裙子）；（用于某活动的）套装
a dark suit 一套深色衣服 a business suit 一套西装
a three-piece suit 一套三件式套装 a spacesuit 宇航服
a diving suit 潜水服 a swimsuit 游泳衣
②2suit vt.
fit 指衣服的大小，尺寸的合身，吻合，协调
suit 指衣服的样色，颜色，款色的合身，或时间，天气，口味，价格，环境，交通，性格，地位
的适宜，适合。
match和…相配/相称，比得上
The climate doesn’t suit me.
No one matches him in singing.
Will it suit you if I come around at three?
The gold chain matched his watch.
The shirt of yours fits you very well
It doesn’t suit you to have your hair cut short.
The picture matches the story.
suit在课文句中表示“适合，适应（satisfy, meet the needs of, be convenient）”。
He said he knew of a hotel that might suit them.他说他知道一个可能适合他们的旅馆。
Let’s fix a day. Would Saturday night suit you?我们定个日子吧，周六晚方便吗？
suitable:be suitable for/to “适合,合适”。在后面的writing中有一个句子。
What aspects of your study habits are not suitable to your learning style and why.
你的学习习惯的哪些方面是不适合你的学习风格的，为什么。
When we design buildings, we should keep in mind that there should be apartments that are suitable for
disabled persons.当我们设计大楼的时候，我们要记住：应该设计一些适合残疾人居住的公寓。
27.Students who have this learning style take a hands-on approach to education and enjoy doing experiments or surveys.具有这种学习方式的学生通过动手实践的方式来接受教育，他们喜欢做实验，作调查
approach vt./n. 接近，靠近，建议，要求，（待人接物或思考问题的）方法，方式，态度
We heard the sound of an approaching car / a car approaching。我们听见一辆车驶近的声音。
She approached the bank for a loan.她向银行要求贷款。
The school has decided to adopt a different approach to discipline.
学校决定采用另一种方式解决纪律问题。
28.However,restrictions of time,space and resources often make it impossible to provide the best exercise for all learners.然而由于时间、空间和资源上的限制常常使教师无法给所有的学生提供最好的训练。
restriction n.限制，约束
The park is open to the public without restriction.该公园无任何限制对公众开放。
He dislikes their restriction of his freedom of choice. 他讨厌他们对他的自由选择进行限制。
The government placed restrictions on the number of foreign cars that could be imported.
政府限制进口外国轿车。
restrict vt.限制，限定
The sale of alcohol is restricted in Britain.在英国，酒的销量是受限制的。
restrict…to…把…限制在…内
We restrict membership of the club to schoolboys.我们俱乐部的会员仅限于中学生。
He was restricted to (smoking) three cigarettes a day.他受到限制，每天只能抽三根烟。
29.advocate vt.拥护, 支持; 提倡; 主张; 建议; 辩护
advocate+n./doing
I advocate a policy of gradual reform.我拥护逐步改革的政策。
Do you advocate banning cars in the city center?你支持禁止汽车在市中心通行这一主张吗？
n.辩护者; 律师; 拥护者; 倡导者; 鼓吹者; 替人说情者
the Judge A-军法会议的理事(官) an advocate of peace拥护或提倡和平的人
30.Organise a study schedule to include frequent breaks.
schedule n. 计划表，日程安排表
a schedule of postal charges邮资一览表 a sailing schedule航运时刻表
a train schedule火车行车时刻表 a production schedule生产进度[计划]表
What's your schedule for tomorrow ?你明天的日程安排如何?
according to schedule按时间表; 按照原定进度 on schedule按时间表, 准时
ahead of schedule提前
The task will be finished ahead of schedule if nothing prevents.如果没有阻力的话，这个任务就会提前完成。
behind schedule落后于计划或进度; 迟于预定时间
make a study schedule/plan 制定学习计划