Warming-up and pre-reading
1. depend （常与on, upon连用）视情况而定；信任，依赖，需要
It all depends on how you tackle(应付) the problem.
Can I depend on you?
I haven’t a car, I have to depend on the buses.
Dependability n. 可信任，可靠性 dependable adj. 可靠的
Dependence n. 依靠，依赖；信任，信赖
2．Light
Will you light the fire for me? (v.点火，点燃)
We lit the candle and the candle lit the room. (v.照亮，使光明)
The sun gives us light during the day. (n.光，光亮)
Can you give me a light, please? (n.发光物，光源；引火物)
3, run out (of) 用光，用尽
We are running out of water.
Our food soon run out.
表示“用光，用尽”的还有：use up give out
All the money is used up.
The fuel gave out.
显然，use up, run out of 是及物性动词词组；run out, give out 为不及物动词词组。
4. trap v. 设陷阱捕捉；诱捕；挡住，拦住 n.陷阱，圈套，诡计，埋伏
The police trapped the thieves.
She was trapped in the urning house.
To trap water 挡住水
The police set a trap for the thieves.
Reading
5.词语辨析
Compared to/with ; compare-----to; compare----with -----
1）Compared to/with 与―――比较 （该短语在句中作状语）
Compared to/with Class one, Class two is spacious.(宽敞的)
2）compare-----to 把――比喻成――
Shakespeare compared the world to a stage.
3) compare---with---- 把――与――作比较
You’d better compare the copy with the original.
4) compare notes 交换意见，观点，看法
After the lecture, they began to compare notes about learning English with each other.
6. come about 发生，产生，出现，转向
How did it come about that he knew where we were?
Can you tell me how the accident came about?
短语：come across 偶然遇到/碰到 come to 共计；达到；恢复知觉；涉及，谈及
Come up with 提出 come about 出来，出版，开花；结果是
Come round 恢复知觉，醒过来
7．Matter vi.有重要性 （相当于be important）
It doesn’t matter if you are late.
8. phenomenon n. (复数phenomena) 现象，奇迹，罕见的人才或事物。
Rain and snow are phenomena of the weather.
Beethoven was a phenomenon among musicians.
9. fuel n.&v. 燃料，供以燃料，获得燃料
Wood, coal, oil and gas are fules.
They are fueling their ships for the long voyage.
Add fuel to the fire/flamels 火上加油，使怒上加怒
10 Some byproducts of this process are called “greenhouse” gases, the most important one being carbon dioxide.
the most important one being carbon dioxide.是一个独立主格结构，由名词＋分词构成，在句中作补充说明或伴随状况。
如：Time permitting, I will show you around the city.(= If time permits)
Today being Sunday., I don’t have to go to work..( = Because today is Sunday)
Nobody having any more to say., the meeting was closed.( = As nobody had any more to say)
11.quantities of 大量的
Quantities of food were on the table.
quantities of表示 “大量的”，修饰可数名词，也可修饰不可数名词，谓语动词均用复数形式。A quantity of 表示“大量的”，修饰可数名词，也可修饰不可数名词，谓语动词均用单数形式。
There were quantities of apples in the basket and there was a quantity of milk in the bucket.(圆桶)
12．词语辨析：
result in 导致，造成 His hard work resulted in his success.
Result from 由――造成。因――而产生His success results from working hard.
As a result 因此；结果 He worked hard. As a result, he succeeded in his career.
As a result of 由于―― He succeeded in his career as a result of his hard work.
13.词语辨析 climate “气候” weather 天气
A drier climate would be good for her health.
The party will be held outdoors if the weather is fine.
14. consequence 可数或不可数名词
1） The rise in lung cancers was a consequence of cigarette smoking.
2） ----- I’m afraid you’re ill.
------It’s of no consequence. (不要紧)
be of no/little/great/much----+ consequence 不/非常重要
常用搭配： as a consequence (of--) = in consequence (of--)结果，由于
As a consequence of a great fire the house was completely destroyed.
15. state 陈述，声明
He stated his views on the question at the meeting.
Please state your name, age and occupation on the form.
Statement n.声明，陈述，综述 statesman n.政治家
16．Range n.&v. 范围，排列（使成行），偏袒
The shop keeps a wide range of goods.
The teacher ranged his students along the path.
He has a wide range of interests; ranging from chess to skating.
It is beyond the range of my ability.(这件事我办不到)
17.build up
1)增加，增进，加强
The clouds are building up.
He built up his strengh again after an illness.
2)增强（体质）
You need more protein to build you up.
3) 建立，开发
She’s built up a very successful business.
4) 吹捧，赞扬
The singer has been built up into a good success.
Learning about language
18.decrease v. to become or make sth. Become smaller in size,number,etc.
The number of new students decreased from 210 to 160 this year.
n.减少，降低
There has been some decrease in military spending. (军费开支)
19．On the whole 从整体看，大体上
as a whole 作为一个整体，总的来说
I think our conference was very successful on the whole.
On the whole/As a whole, I’m in favor of the idea.
We must examine these problems as a whole.
20. average adj.&v.&n. 平均的，一般的，平均为，把――加以平均，一般水平，平均数
1）The average age of the boys in this class is fifteen.
2）The cost of our linches averaged $1 per day.
3）Tom’s work at school is above the average,（在一般水准上） Henry’s is below the average and Jim’s is about up to the average.（达到水准）
Using language
22.existence 一生，生存，存在
I’ve never heard anything so silly during my whole existence.
People do not now believe in the existence of ghosts.
23. make a/no/some difference 有/没有/有些作用、关系、影响
The rain didn’t make much difference to the game.
What difference will it make whether he knows or not?
24. put up with 忍受
We had to put up with the inconvenience.
Put away 收拾；积蓄 put up 张贴，举起，张开（伞）
Put down 放下，记下，镇压 put back 放回原处，拖延，延误
Put off 推迟；延期 put on 穿上，上演 put out 熄灭
25．Electrical 电的（与电有关的） electric 电的，电动的（通常指使用或产生电力的）
electrical equipment/signal/engineer
electric light/guitar/chair
26.so long as = as long as 相当于condition that/if
You can go out so long as you wear an overcoat.
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