Unit 2 English around the world
Aims and demands:
Key Words and expressions: majority, total, equal, situation, trade, communicate, compare, make oneself at home, stay up, end up with, bring in, a good many, have a good knowledge of
Sentence Patterns: with + 复合结构/强调句型及其用法
Differences of some words and expressions:
1.at one time / at a time/ at the same time
2. except, except for, except that (when．．．), but, besides
Step 1 Have a dictation of some words and expressions.
Step 2 Translate the following into English:
1.大多数中国学生学英语。通晓英语对我们来说是非常重要的。
The majority of the students in China learn English. It is very important for us to have a good knowledge of English.
2.我们学校有许多学生，数目大约是5000人。
There are a number of students in our school, and the number of the students is about 5000.
3.老师拿着书走进教室。
The teacher came into the classroom with a book in his hand/ book in hand
4。他们高度相等，但是我认为Mary能够胜任这份工作。
They are of equal height, but I think Mary is equal to the job.
5.正是老师的帮助我的英语成绩进步了。
It is with the help of my teacher that I have made great progress in my English.
Step 3 Key words:
1.a/the majority of people/ the student
most of the students
2. total n. v. adj. in total= in all/ altogether/ totally
a total of 总数，总共
v. add up to/ come to / reach (a total of)
Our expenses reached a total of 20 dollars。
In total，there are 250,000 books in the library.
The visitors totaled 130.
3．equal adj.相等的，平等的，胜任的，由能力的； vt.与。。。。。相等； 比得上
be equal to He is equal to (doing)this task.( 胜任的)
None of us can equal her.(比得上)
4. situation n.状况，处境； 形势。
get into / out of a difficult situation 陷入/摆脱困境
cf. in a bad state of
5.trade n. v
trade in fruit (从事。。。贸易)
trade with European countries(和。。。做贸易)=exchange with
vt。 Trade ...for...=exchange...for (拿。。。交换。。。)
6．Make oneself at home/ make oneself done
help yourself to fish
be/ feel at home随便； 自由自在；熟悉，自如
He is becoming more and more at home with this language.
the news at home and abroad
7.stay up 挺住，不倒； 熬夜=sit up
stay in/ out 呆在家里/户外
stay on 继续停留，保持
stay the same (as)
8．bring about =cause, result in, lead to带来，引起，导致
bring along 携带
bring down 使倒下,使下降
bring forth 使产生,引起,提出
bring forward 提出建议=put forward/提前
bring in =get in the pops使得到某种收入 ，引进，收进，吸收
bring back to one's mind 使回想起
bring sb. back to life 使某人起死回生
bring sb up 抚养某人,教育
bring sth up 提出
bring up 呕吐；
bring on 引起；导致；使进步，使发展
bring to an end 结束=come to an end
bring into effect 使生效，实行
bring to operation …实施；使运行
bring out 使…显示出来；出版
9．Come about：happen
It came about like this/ in this way: 事情就是这样的：
How does/did it come about that…?这是怎么回事…?
How did it come about that you didn’t come to the party?
10.except, except for, except that (when．．．), but, besides等表示“除……之外”的区别。
［透视］①except (but)指“除去……(不包括在整体内)”，而besides则指“除……之外，还有（包括在整体内）” ,指除去同类的东西。
②except for/that指对前文作修正说明。除去不同类型的东西；except that(when)后接从句。
［精练］用表示“除……之外”的词或短语完成句子。
35． The suit fitted him well except that the colour was a little brighter．
36． Does John know any other foreign languages besides French﹖
37． No one knew Mr Benson’s mobile phone number except his daughter．
38． Your composition is quite good except for a few spelling mistakes．
11.compare…with; compar…to; compared with／to
compare…with意为“把……与……相比”，侧重指两者间的区别。
如：Compare this car with that one, and you will find the differences between them．
把这辆汽车与那辆汽车相比较，你就会发现它们之间的区别。
compare…to…意为“把……比作……”，着重注意两者间的相似点。如：
This song compares our country to a big family．这首歌把我们的国家比作一个大家庭。 compare既可以单独用作及物动词，也可用作不及物动词。用作不及物动词时，以compare with…形式出现，表示“与……相比”。如：
Living here can’t compare with living in Shanghai．
在这儿生活不能和在上海（生活）相比。
If you compare the two words， you can tell the difference between them．
如果你比较这两个单词，你就会辨别出它们之间的不同。
compared with…和compared to…都可用作状语，意义基本相同，可互换。如：
Compared to／with him， you are lucky． 与他相比，你是幸运的。
It was a small town then， compared to／with what it is now．
和现在比起来，那时它还是个小镇。
12.time一词构成的常用搭配及区别。
焄透视]at a time一次；at one time曾经；all the time一直；at times时常；from time to time间或；in time及时；on time准时；time and time again一次又一次；at the same time同时,一齐=meanwhile,together/=yet然而，但是 ；sometime某个时候；every time每当……熞导时间状语从句牭取
焄精练]单句改错。下列句子均有一处错误，请找出来并改正。
33． Don't speak together．Please one at one time．（a）
34． He said he'd come to see you some time last night, but you were not in．(sometime)
35． Every time you meet the new words, that is unnecessary for you to look them up in a dictionary．(it)
Sentence patterns:
1．强调句型的运用与高考
强调句型常用于书面语，也可用于口语，用来突出说话人要强调的语言信息，给对方以强烈的印象和感受。强调句型是高考范围内的语法内容，更是高考命题者颇为青睐的语法项目之一。下面对该句型的用法作一阐述。
一、句型特征及含义
强调句又称为分裂句。其结构形式为“It ＋be的适当形式＋被强调部分＋that／who ＋其它”。在该句型中，it无词义，且不可用this，that换用；若原句的谓语动词用了现在时或将来时，则be动词用is；若原句的谓语动词用了过去时，则be动词用was。有时为了表达需要，也可在be前加上may／might／must等情态动词；若被强调部分是人，引导词用 who（若强调部分是作宾语的人，则也可用 whom）或that均可；若是其它强调部分，则一律用that。翻译时常加上“正是……；就是……”等字眼，以突出其强调含义。例如：
It is I who am to visit Hangzhou tomorrow．就是我明天要去杭州参观。
．．．for it was in Greece that Olympic competitions firstly started．
（SEFC BIII L34）……因为就是在希腊奥林匹克运动会首次开始举办的。
It must be John that／who will take part in the contest on behalf of our class．
必定是约翰将代表我们班参赛。
It might be at the party that Tom knew her．
可能就是在这次聚会上汤姆认识她的。
二、强调角度及运用
1．强调主语、宾语或状语。例如：
It was John who／that broke the glass yesterday．（强调主语）
It is me who／whom／that you should help．（强调宾语）
It was at the gate that he told me the news．（强调地点状语）
It was with great joy that he received the news that his long lost son would soon return home．（强调程度状语）
It is by bus that Wang Gang often goes to school．（强调方式状语）
It was about 600years ago that the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made．（强调时间状语）
It was in order to catch the first bus that they got up earlier．（强调目的状语）
2．强调状语从句。
（1）强调时间状语从句：
It was only when I reread his poems recently that I began to appreciate their beauty．
（2）强调原因状语从句：
It was because Li Ping was ill that he didn't come to school last week．
（3）强调地点状语从句：
It is where you come from that you should return to it．
（4）强调方式状语从句：
It is as you like that you may do everything．
3．强调含有“not．．．until．．．”结构的句子时，要用
“It is／was not until．．．that．．．”结构。that后的句子要用肯定句，且须用陈述语序。
例如：
It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I recognized she was a famous
film star．
It was not until 1920 that regular radio broadcasts began．
4．强调含有定语从句的主语、宾语或状语。例如：
Was it at the school which was named after a hero that he spent his childhood？
5．强调含有either．．．or．．．，neither．．．nor．．．，
not only．．．but also．．．，as well as，not．．．but．．．等词组所构成的句子。例如：
It was neither you nor he that is willing to go to the Great Wall．
It was he as well as his classmates who has ever been to Suzhou．
三、句型转换及主谓一致
1．变为一般疑问句（把主句中的be动词或情态动词提到句首即可）
Was it during the Second World War that he died？
2．变为特殊疑问句（须用“特殊疑问词＋be或情态动词＋it＋that．．．？”结构）
When could it be that he went to our country？
3．变为否定疑问句（须在主句上进行变化）
Couldn't it be by plane that he went to France？
4．强调句型的反意疑问句（须和主句一致）
It was at eleven last night that I knew the good news，wasn't it？
5．强调句型的主谓一致问题（即使被强调部分是复数含义，主句的谓语动词仍然用单数形式）
It is they who often help me with my lessons．
It was these books that they bought the day before yesterday．
注意：若强调句在整个复合句中作宾语，强调句须用陈述语序。例如：
He told me that it was Li Hua who was standing under the tree reading English．
四、相似句型及异同
1．强调句和主语从句句型（指“It＋ be ＋adj．／n．＋that-clause”类型）的异同点
二者均有It be．．．that／who．．．之类的语言标志。所不同的是：（1）含有主语从句的句子译为汉语时不可加上“正是……”或“就是……”之类的字眼，而强调句则可以。（2）含有主语从句的句子若删掉It be．．．that／who．．．，则原句不论结构还是语意均不成立，而强调句去掉结构标志却仍然成立。例如：
It is true that he once went to Canada．（不可去掉It is及that，否则原句不成立。）
It was on December 11，2001that China became a member of WTO．（去掉强调结构原句仍然成立。）
2．含有定语从句的强调句型
强调句型中含有定语从句，往往会给学生造成错觉，以致分不清哪一句是强调部分，哪一句是定语从句，尤其是强调句中的定语从句的引导词是that或who时，更容易造成错觉。办法是仔细分析that或who在句中的作用：若that或who可有可无（结合it be来分析），则为强调句，否则是定语从句。例如：
It was in the lab that was set up by Mr．Smith that they finished the experiment．
（lab后的that不可以省略，因为that作该句的主语。句中第二个that才是强调句的标志。）
It was Tang Ling who came from Hunan that won the first prize in the contest．
（who在该句中作主语，所以不可以省略，后面的that才是强调句的标志。）
3．定语从句与强调结构。试比较：
1)It is the house where I met the young man.
(where 引导定语从句，修饰house，where在定语从句中作地点状语)
2)It was in the house that I met the young man.
(本句为强调结构，可还原为I met the young man in the house.)
过关练习：
1．It was at the very beginning _______ Mr．Fox made the decision _______ we should send more fire-fighters there．（96'上海）
A．when；which B．when；what C．then；so D．that；that
2．Was it _______ Tom's carelessness _______ your keys were all lost？
A．because；which B．for；what C．because of；that D．since；why
3．It was for this reason _______ her uncle moved out of New York and settled down in a small village．（2001上海）
A．which B．why C．that D．how
4．-I can't find M r．Brown．Where did you meet him this morning？ -It was in the hotel _______ he stayed．
A．that B．which C．where D．when
5．It was not long _______ he was born _______ his mother died．
A．before；that B．since；when C．until；when D．after；that
6．It was not until he finished all his homework _______ to bed last night．
A．did he go B．when he went C．that he went D．then he went
7．It must be he that has stolen Mr．Smith's purse， _______ ？
A．hasn't he B．isn't he C．mustn't it D．isn't it
Key: 1-7 D C C C D C D
II.with引导的独立主格结构
英语中，with引导的独立主格结构很富有表现力，在句子中作状语，表示伴随、方式、原因、结果等。它不是句子而是短语，其结构为：with＋名词／ 代词 ＋ 介词短语 ／ 形容词 ／副词 ＋ 名词 ／ 非谓语动词。 现将with引导的独立主格结构作一小结。
1． with ＋名词（代词）＋介词短语
He sat there thinking, with his chin on his hand．
他手托下巴，坐在那儿沉思。
The old man stood there, with his back against the wall．
那位老人背倚着墙站在那里。
Mary was sitting near the fire, with her back towards the door．
玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。
2． with ＋名词（代词）＋形容词
He stared at his friend with his mouth wide open．
他张大嘴巴凝视着他的朋友。
The man raised his head with eyes full of wonder and mystery．
这人抬起头来，眼里充满了好奇。
He stood there trembling, with his face red with cold．
他站在那儿瑟瑟发抖，脸都冻红了。
3． with ＋名词（代词）＋副词
With production up by 60％, the company has had another excellent year．
产量上升了60％, 公司又是一个好年景。
The stupid Emperor walked in the procession with nothing on．
这位愚蠢的皇帝一丝不挂地行进在游行队伍中。
The naughty boy stood before his teacher with his head down．
这个淘气的男孩低着头站在老师面前。
He put on his socks with the wrong side out．
他把袜子穿反了。
4． with ＋名词（代词）＋名词
She used to sit reading in the evening with her pet dog her only companion．
她从前总爱在晚上坐着看书，她的宠物狗便是她唯一的伙伴。
He died with his daughter yet a schoolgirl．他去世的时候，女儿还是个中学生。 5． with ＋名词（代词）＋现在分词
She stood there chatting with her friend, with her child playing beside her．
她站在那儿跟朋友闲聊，孩子在旁边玩。
With you helping me whenever I’m in trouble, I feel very obliged to you．
无论我什么时候遇到困难你总是帮助我，真是太感激你了。
6． with ＋名词（代词）＋过去分词
“I think we can leave with our heads held high,” Eriksson said．
“We came out of the toughest group, beat Argentina, beat Denmark
in a convincing way．”
“我认为我们可以高昂着头离开，”艾里克松说。“我们来自死亡之组，以一种令人信服的方式击败了阿根廷，击败了丹麦。”
The goalkeeper left Japan with his flaws laid bare．
这位守门员离开了日本，而他的缺点却暴露无遗。
7． with ＋名词（代词）＋不定式
With 10 minutes to go, you’d better hurry．
还有十分钟，你最好快一点。
With you to lead us, our group is sure to succeed．
有你领导我们，我们组肯定能成功。
1. ______ two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend. (北京2004)
A. With B. Besides C. As for D. Because of
[解析]答案是A。这是“with +宾语+宾语补足语”构成的复合宾语结构。
2. It was a pity that the great writer died _______his works unfinished. (福建2004)
A. for B. with C. from D. of
[解析]答案是B。这还是“with +宾语+宾语补足语”结构。
III. so/such/as/ the same as/that的区别。
as 的用法：
例1.the same… as；such…as; as / so…as…中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。as既可指人，也可指物，常在限制性定语从句中充当主、宾、表语。as引导的定语从句的先行词前面常有as ／such ／the same等修饰词。还要注意区分下列两个词组：
1．“such．．．that．．．”表“如此……以致……”的意思，用来引导一个结果状语从句；而“such．．．as．．．”表“像……这（那）样”的意思，用来引导定语从句，as在定语从句中充当主、宾、表语等。试比较下列两个句子：
①He is such an honest man that we respect him.
他是一个如此诚实的人以致我们都尊敬他。
② He is such an honest man as we respect．他像我们所尊敬的那种诚实的人。
2．“the same．．．that．．．”表同一人或物，而“the same．．．as．．．”表同种类的东西。试比较下列两个句子：①This is the same book that I lost．这就是我丢失的那一本书。（指同一本书）②This is the same book as I lost．我丢失的那一本书一模一样。（并不是原来的那一本）
例如：
He is as brave a man as ever lived．他是世界上最勇敢的人。
Don't read such books as are not worth reading．不要读那些不值得读的书。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
The film is so good as we saw last night.(as 作saw 的宾语)
Cf.The film is so good that we moved to tears.(that是连词，不作句子成分,引导结果状语从句)
Last night we saw such a good film as we had expected.(as作expected的宾语)
Cf.Last night we saw such a good film that we thought it’s worth seeing again. (that是连词，不作句子成分,引导结果状语从句)
ex. 1．Nobody in our school has the same camera ＿＿＿＿ you have．
2．She is such a good girl ＿＿＿＿does well in French．
3．She is such a good girl ＿＿＿＿ all of us like to make friends with her．
BOOK 1A Unit 2语言点练习
1. _____ the survivors in the traffic accident appreciated the police before they left for their homes.
A.The most B. Most C. A most of D.A majority of
2. I'll telephone and make sure how many guests will come to our party _______.
A. in totally B. all together C. add up to D. in total
3.Nothing can________ planes in speed and comfort.
A. equal B. equal to C. match with D. compare to
4.It's important for us to employ a word or a phrase according to the ______ in language studies.
A. situation B. expression C. condition D. translation
D. Yes, 1 can do it myself now
5.--Where is your new bike?
--I've ________ it for this used one.
A. picked B. sold C. traded D. bought
6.We can communicate_________ people in every part of the world.____ the Internet.
A. with ; with B. with ; through C. through; through D. through ; with
7._______ other good students, the teacher thinks Hank is ________student.
A. Compared with;a most satisfied B. Compared to;the most satisfied
C. Comparing to;the more satisfying D. Compared with;a more satisfying
8.John was an outdoor man and could ________ himself at home in the woods at night.
A. have B. make C. let D. keep
9.It is said that the building is made so strong that it can______ even in a terrible earthquake.
A. support B. be destroyed C. be stayed up D. stay up
10.The meeting began ________the singing of the national song and ended _____ also the singing of it.
A. at ; at B. with ; with C. at ; with D. by ; up with
11.The sale of the company's new product is extremely good. It has _____two million dollars so far
A. brought in B. made up C. carried on D. kept up
12._________ number of visitors came but I don't know ________ number.
A. A ; the B. The ; a C. A ; a D. The ; the
13.With all these dishes _________ , I can't go and listen to the speech by the famous professor.
A. to wash B. to be washed C. washed D. washing
14.What_______ he brought you when he came to see you yesterday?
A. is it B. is that C. was it D. was it that
15. Hearing that he ate twenty eggs ________, we were very surprised.
A. at the same time B. at a time C. at one time D. at once
16.I know nothing about the accident _________I have read in today's paper.
A. except that B. except what C. except D. besides that
17.She asked me_________ knock off the glass of water.
A. please be careful not to B. to be careful not to
C. to be careful to not D. not to be careful to
18.Roses need special care _____they can live through winter.
A. because B. so that C. even if D. as
19.Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV ; there are pictures _______ in your mind instead of before your eyes.
A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed
20.-It's getting late. I'm afraid I must be going now. --OK._________.
A. Take it easy B. Go slowly C. Stay longer D. See you
21．It was at the very beginning _______ Mr．Fox made the decision _______ we should send more fire-fighters there．（96'上海）
A．when；which B．when；what C．then；so D．that；that
22．Was it _______ Tom's carelessness _______ your keys were all lost？
A．because；which B．for；what C．because of；that D．since；why
23．It was for this reason _______ her uncle moved out of New York and settled down in a small village．（2001上海）
A．which B．why C．that D．how
24．-I can't find M r．Brown．Where did you meet him this morning？ -It was in the hotel _______ he stayed．
A．that B．which C．where D．when
25．It was not long _______ he was born _______ his mother died．
A．before；that B．since；when C．until；when D．after；that
26．It was not until he finished all his homework _______ to bed last night．
A．did he go B．when he went C．that he went D．then he went
27．It must be he that has stolen Mr．Smith's purse， _______ ？
A．hasn't he B．isn't he C．mustn't it D．isn't it
28. ______ two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend. (北京2004)
A. With B. Besides C. As for D. Because of
29. It was a pity that the great writer died _______his works unfinished. (福建2004)
A. for B. with C. from D. of