初中英语音标课件

2021-03-24 课件

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  一、 音素

  1、单元音:

  2、双元音:

  3、清、浊辅音:

  二、语音的基本常识

  1、音节的划分

  一个单词的音标中有几个元音就有几个音节。

  2、重读音节

  任何双音节或多音节单词的音标中,有重读音节和非重读音节 ,哪一个音节重读,该音节的左上方或该音节的元音上方标有重读符号“'”。

  3、浊化音

  以sp__, st___, sk___开头的单词清辅音/p/ /t/ /k/分别要发浊辅音/b/ /d/ /g/。

  4、定冠词the的读音

  e.g. the man

  c.f. the old man

  5、不完全爆破

  爆破音[p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g] 后面紧跟另一个爆破音时,前面的那个爆破音只在口腔内形成阻碍,而不能完全读出。

  e.g. basketball

  the part of the earth

  6、连读

  在一个短语或句子中,如果相邻两词的关系相等密切,而前一个词以辅音结尾,后一个词以元音开头,辅音和元素连在一起读。

  7、意群的停顿

  对于一个较长的句子,可以根据意思和结构将其划分成几群,一个意群必须一口气说完。 关于语音的几个概念

  1) 字母:语言的书写形式。元音字母a, e, i(y), o, u,

  2) 音标:词的语音形式。

  3) 音素:音的最小的单位。英语中有48音素。

  4) 音节:由元音和辅音构成的发音单位。

  ap'ple, stu'dent, tea'cher, un'der'stand

  5) 元音:发音响亮,是乐音;口腔中气流不收阻碍;是构成音节的主要音。英语中有20元音。

  6) 辅音:发音不响亮,是噪音;口腔中气流受到阻碍;不是构成音节的主要音。中有28辅音。

  7) 开音节:a) 辅音+元音+辅音+e name bike home due; b) 辅音+元音 he, go, hi

  8) 闭音节:a) 辅音+元音+辅音 bad, bed, sit, hot, cup; b)元音+辅音it

  9) 重读音节:单词中发音特别响亮的音节。

  2. 元音:(注意:下面空方括号是电脑无法输入的音标)

  1) [i:] sea, he, see, piece, ceiling

  2) [i] sit, build, miss, myth

  3) [e] bed, desk, head,

  4) [ ] bad, land, bank, stamp

  5) [a:] car, fast, class, plant, calm, aunt

  6) [ ] hot, want

  7) [ ] door, more, sport, ball, warm, author, court, bought, caught

  8) [u:] good, who, blue, soup,

  9) [u] look, put, women, could

  10) [ ] cup, come, blood, rough

  11) [ ] girl, work, serve, nurse

  12) [ ] cadre, ago, forget, polite, dollar, doctor, famous, Saturday

  13) [ei] cake, they, play, eight, great,

  14) [ai] bike, die, neither, light, try, find, height, eye

  15) [ ] phone, cold, boat, soul, grow

  16) [au] house, town

  17) [ ] boy, oil

  18) [ ] dear, idea, deer, here, fierce,

  19) [ ] pear, care, there, fair

  20) [ ] tour, poor,

  3. 容易混淆的元音

  1) [e] [] bed bad; men, man; pen, pan; lend land

  2) [i:] [ei] real rail; greet, great; mean, main; read raid

  3) [e] [AI] bet bite; red write; said side, head, hide

  4) [au] [ ] house horse; loud lord; south sauce; now nor; count corn; cloud clause

  5) [au] [ ] found fond; gown gone; down don

  4. 辅音

  1) [p] pen,

  2) [b] bed, comb

  3) [t] tell,

  4) [d], day, played, wanted

  5) [k] cold, sky, quick, school, back, accept, box

  6) [g] big, go, guess, language

  7) [m] man

  8) [n] nine, knife, autumn

  9) [ ] bank, uncle, English, sing,

  10) [l] land, world

  11) [r] read, write,

  12) [f] five, cough, laugh

  13) [v] voice, of

  14) [ ] think,

  15) [ ] this, bathe

  16) [s] sit, miss, science, case, scarf

  17) [z] zoo, close,

  18) [ ] sure, she, social, nation

  19) [ ] pleasure,

  20) [h] hot, who, hour

  21) [w] wall, what, answer

  22) [j] yes

  23) [ ] child, teach, catch

  24) [ ] joke, bridge,

  25) [ts] boats

  26) [dz] goods

  27) [tr] tree

  28) [dr] dream

  5. 容易混淆的辅音

  1) [v] [w] vet wet; vest west; vine wine; very well

  2) [s] [ ] sink think; sort thought; miss myth; mass math

  3) [z] [ ] closing clothing; breeze breathe; bays bathes

  4) [n] [ ] thin thing; sin sing; ban bang win wing; ran rang

  6. 读音规则

  1) 重读音节(见元音和辅音的例句)

  2) 非重读音节 [ ] banana, student, today, after, [i] orange, secret, evening, very, Monday

  7. 特殊读音

  1)音的连读:前面的词以元辅音结尾,后面的单词以元音开头,这样结尾的辅音要和开头的元音连读。例如:not at all, half an hour, I love you and all. after all

  2)失去爆破:辅音爆破音或摩擦音后面跟的是爆破音、破擦音和摩擦等,前面的辅音要失去爆破。例如:good girl, good student, good job, expression, school, extreme

  3)音的同化:两个特殊的音碰到一起,会发出变异成特殊的音。例如:Would you do it? I am glad to meet you. Can't you see it? last year, this year,

  8. 重音

  1)单词重音

  A)双音节词

  a)一般在第一个音节重读。letter, sorry

  b)有 a-, be-, de-, re-, res-, in-, im-, en-, em-, es-, ex-, con-, com-, dis-, mis-, pre-, per-, pro-, trans- 等前缀的词,第二个音节是重音。a'bout, be'lieve, ad'dress, de'cide, re'port, con'demn, res'pect, com'pare, in'form, dis'cuss, im'press, mis'take, en'force, pre'pare, em'ploy, per'mit, es'cape, pro'duce;

  c)有 de-, in-, re-, con-, pre- 等前缀的重音与词义和词类有关, 一般名词的重音在第一个音节上,其它的词性在第二个音节上。'record, re'cord; 'insult, in'sult; 'conduct, con'duct; 'present pre'sent; 'content, con'tent

  d)有些复合词和带有前缀 re-, ex-, un-, pre-, post-, 等的词,有两个重音。'out'side, 're'tell, 'well-'known, 'un'real, 'fif'teen, 'Chi'nese, 'pre-'war, 'post-'war

  B)多音节词

  a)一般倒数第三个音节是重音。'difficult, 'communist, 'family, e'conomy, oppor'tunity,de'mocracy.

  b)有一些双音节词,加了前缀和后缀成了多音节,但这些词按原来词根的重音读音。'carefully, in'definite, 'comfortable, con'ductor, ac'cording, dis'turbance, 'complicated,es'tablishment,

  c)词尾有-eous, -grahpy, -ial, -ian, -ic, -ics, -ience, ient, -ify, -ion, -ious, -ity, ive 后缀的词,重音在这些后缀的'前一个音节上。cour'teous, cal'ligraphy, edi'torial, his'torian, peri'odic, mathe'matics, ex'perience,suf'ficient, i'dentify, trans'lation, re'ligious, curi'osity, pro'tective

  d)词尾有 -ain, -ee, -eer, -ese, -ette 后缀的词,重音在该后缀上,而且有一个次重音。enter'tain, emplo'yee, mountai'neer, Japa'nese, ciga'rette

  2)句子重音

  A) 的节奏:(轻)-轻-重-轻-(轻)或重-轻-(轻)(轻)重

  B) 英语句子的长短:是由句子中的重读词的数目决定的,而不是象汉语那样由句子中的汉字数目决定的。

  C) 实词重读(副词重读),虚词轻读(冠词,单音节介词,单音节连词,人称代词,反代词,物主代词,关系代词,相互代词,助动词,情态动词和系动词be

  D) 实词不重读的特殊情况

  a) 实词第二次出现 He thinks of that as a child thinks.

  b) 一个名词被第二个名词修饰 I met her in the railway station.

  c) 代替词 Which book do you want? The small one.

  d) 感叹词中的 what 和how What a good day it is! How beautiful she is!

  e) street 在专有名词中 Wangfujing Street.

  f)this在这些短语中,this morning/afternoon/evening

  E)虚词重读的特殊情况

  a) 情态动词,助动词和系动词be在句首,句尾和否定时。Do you like it? Yes, I do. Are you a doctor? Yes, I am. Can you help me? Yes, I can. I don't like you. He isn't a worker.

  b) 情态动词表示可能,惊奇和肯定时。They may come this evening. Can it be five already? He must be in the room.

  c) 介词在句首和句尾。In the box, he found a letter. He is the person I talked with. d) 引导复合句的连词在句首。If you wish, I'll visit you. When he comes, I'll tell him. e)反身代词表示强调。He couldn't come himself.

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